及時化just in time，JIT

超額生產(overproduction)

等候時間(waiting time)

不必要的運送(unnecessary transporting)

存貨(inventory)

加工浪費(processing waste)

不必要的生產步驟

產出瑕疵品

無效的工作方法(inefficient work method)

不佳的佈置和物料搬運模式，增加在製品存貨

產品不良

再製成本

消費者不滿意造成銷售損失

All work must be completely specified as to content, sequence, timing, and outcome.

Every customer-supplier connection must be direct, unambiguously specifying the people involved, the form and quantity of the services or goods to be provided, the way the requests are made by each customer, and the expected time in which the requests will be met.