欧美EMBA组织行为学教材六

Contingent Reward: Contracts exchange of rewards

for effort, promises rewards for good performance,

recognizes accomplishments.

Management by Exception (active): Watches and

searches for deviations from rules and standards, takes

corrective action.

Management by Exception (passive): Intervenes

only if standards are not met.

Laissez-Faire: Abdicates responsibilities, avoids

making decisions.